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- Tier: 基础版，专业版，旗舰版
- Offering: 私有化部署
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这是极狐GitLab 支持团队关于 Linux 的信息集合，他们有时在故障排除时使用这些信息。这里列出这些信息是为了透明起见，并供有 Linux 经验的用户使用。如果您当前遇到极狐GitLab 的问题，建议您首先查看您的 支持选项，然后再尝试使用此信息。
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极狐GitLab 支持的范围不包括协助系统管理。极狐GitLab 管理员需要了解他们所选发行版的这些命令。如果您是一位极狐GitLab 支持工程师，请将此作为一个交叉参考，以便将 yum 转换为 apt-get 等等。
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下面的大多数命令没有标明适用于哪个发行版。欢迎贡献以帮助添加这些信息。
系统命令
发行信息
# Debian/Ubuntu
uname -a
lsb_release -a
# CentOS/RedHat
cat /etc/centos-release
cat /etc/redhat-release
# This will provide a lot more information
cat /etc/os-release
关机或重启
shutdown -h now
reboot
权限
# change the user:group ownership of a file/dir
chown root:git <file_or_dir>
# make a file executable
chmod u+x <file>
文件和目录
# create a new directory and all subdirectories
mkdir -p dir/dir2/dir3
# Send a command's output to file.txt, no STDOUT
ls > file.txt
# Send a command's output to file.txt AND see it in STDOUT
ls | tee /tmp/file.txt
# Search and Replace within a file
sed -i 's/original-text/new-text/g' <filename>
查看所有设置的环境变量
env
搜索
文件名
# search for a file in a filesystem
find . -name 'filename.rb' -print
# locate a file
locate <filename>
# see command history
history
# search CLI history
<ctrl>-R
文件内容
# -B/A = show 2 lines before/after search_term
grep -B 2 -A 2 search_term <filename>
# -<number> shows both before and after
grep -2 search_term <filename>
# Search on all files in directory (recursively)
grep -r search_term <directory>
# Grep namespace/project/name of a GitLab repository
grep 'fullpath' /var/opt/gitlab/git-data/repositories/@hashed/<repo hash>/.git/config
# search through *.gz files is the same except with zgrep
zgrep search_term <filename>
# Fast grep printing lines containing a string pattern
fgrep -R string_pattern <filename or directory>
命令行界面
# View command history
history
# Run last command that started with 'his' (3 letters min)
!his
# Search through command history
<ctrl>-R
# Execute last command with sudo
sudo !!
管理资源
内存、磁盘和 CPU 使用情况
# disk space info. The '-h' gives the data in human-readable values
df -h
# size of each file/dir and its contents in the current dir
du -hd 1
# or alternative
du -h --max-depth=1
# find files greater than certain size(k, M, G) and list them in order
# get rid of the + for exact, - for less than
find / -type f -size +100M -print0 | xargs -0 du -hs | sort -h
# Find free memory on a system
free -m
# Find what processes are using memory/CPU and organize by it
# Load average is 1/CPU for 1, 5, and 15 minutes
top -o %MEM
top -o %CPU
Strace
# strace a process
strace -tt -T -f -y -yy -s 1024 -p <pid>
# -tt print timestamps with microsecond accuracy
# -T print the time spent in each syscall
# -f also trace any child processes that forked
# -y print the path associated with file handles
# -yy print socket and device file handle details
# -s max string length to print for an event
# -o output file
# run strace on all puma processes
ps auwx | grep puma | awk '{ print " -p " $2}' | xargs strace -tt -T -f -y -yy -s 1024 -o /tmp/puma.txt
请注意，strace 在运行时可能会对系统性能产生重大影响。
Strace Parser 工具
我们的 strace-parser 工具 可用于提供 strace 输出的高级摘要。它类似于 strace -C，但提供了更详细的统计数据。
MacOS 和 Linux 二进制文件可用，或者如果您有 Rust 编译器，可以从源代码构建。
如何使用工具
首先使用 summary 标志运行工具，以获取按活动任务花费时间排序的顶级进程的摘要。您还可以使用 -s 或 --sort 标志根据总时间、系统调用数量、PID 号和子进程数量进行排序。结果数量默认为 25 个进程，但可以使用 -c/--count 选项更改。查看 --help 以获取完整详细信息。
$ ./strace-parser sidekiq_trace.txt summary -c15 -s=pid
Top 15 PIDs by PID #
-----------
pid actv (ms) wait (ms) user (ms) total (ms) % of actv syscalls children
------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------
16706 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00% 0 0
16708 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00% 0 0
16716 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00% 0 0
16717 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00% 0 0
16718 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00% 0 0
16719 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00% 0 0
16720 0.389 9796.434 1.090 9797.912 0.02% 16 0
16721 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00% 0 0
16722 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00% 0 0
16723 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00% 0 0
16804 0.218 11099.535 1.881 11101.634 0.01% 36 0
16813 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00% 0 0
16814 1.740 11825.640 4.616 11831.996 0.10% 57 0
16815 2.364 12039.993 7.669 12050.026 0.14% 80 0
16816 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00% 0 0
PIDs 93
real 0m12.287s
user 0m1.474s
sys 0m1.686s
根据摘要，您可以使用 -p/--pid 查看一个或多个进程进行的系统调用的详细信息，或使用 -s/--stats 标志查看排序列表。--stats 使用与摘要相同的排序和计数选项。
./strace-parser sidekiq_trace.txt p 16815
PID 16815
80 syscalls, active time: 2.364ms, user time: 7.669ms, total time: 12050.026ms
start time: 22:46:14.830267 end time: 22:46:26.880293
syscall count total (ms) max (ms) avg (ms) min (ms) errors
----------------- -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------
futex 5 10100.229 5400.106 2020.046 0.022 ETIMEDOUT: 2
restart_syscall 1 1939.764 1939.764 1939.764 1939.764 ETIMEDOUT: 1
getpid 33 1.020 0.046 0.031 0.018
clock_gettime 14 0.420 0.038 0.030 0.021
stat 6 0.277 0.072 0.046 0.031
read 6 0.170 0.036 0.028 0.020
openat 3 0.126 0.045 0.042 0.038
close 3 0.099 0.034 0.033 0.031
lseek 3 0.089 0.035 0.030 0.021
ioctl 3 0.082 0.033 0.027 0.023 ENOTTY: 3
fstat 3 0.081 0.034 0.027 0.022
---------------
Slowest file open times for PID 16815:
dur (ms) timestamp error filename
---------- --------------- --------------- ---------
0.045 22:46:16.771318 - /opt/gitlab/embedded/service/gitlab-rails/config/database.yml
0.043 22:46:26.877954 - /opt/gitlab/embedded/service/gitlab-rails/config/database.yml
0.038 22:46:22.174610 - /opt/gitlab/embedded/service/gitlab-rails/config/database.yml
在上面的例子中，我们可以看到 PID 16815 的哪些文件打开时间较长。
当结果中没有突出显示的内容时，获取更多上下文的一个好方法是在执行客户执行的操作时在您自己的极狐GitLab 实例上运行 strace，然后比较两个结果的摘要并深入了解差异。
open 系统调用的统计信息
各种配置下调用 open 和 openat（用于访问文件）的粗略数字。慢速存储可能会导致 Gitaly 中令人讨厌的 DeadlineExceeded 错误。
还请 查看此条目 手册中有关快速测试的内容，客户可以执行这些测试来检查其文件系统性能。
请记住，来自 strace 的计时信息通常不太准确，因此小差异不应被视为显著。
| 设置 | 访问时间 |
|---|---|
| EFS | 10 - 30 毫秒 |
| 本地存储 | 0.01 - 1 毫秒 |
网络
端口
# Find the programs that are listening on ports
netstat -plnt
ss -plnt
lsof -i -P | grep <port>
互联网/DNS
# Show domain IP address
dig +short example.com
nslookup example.com
# Check DNS using specific nameserver
# 8.8.8.8 = google, 1.1.1.1 = cloudflare, 208.67.222.222 = opendns
dig @8.8.8.8 example.com
nslookup example.com 1.1.1.1
# Find host provider
whois <ip_address> | grep -i "orgname\|netname"
# Curl headers with redirect
curl --head --location "https://example.com"
# Test if a host is reachable on the network. `ping6` works on IPv6 networks.
ping example.com
# Show the route taken to a host. `traceroute6` works on IPv6 networks.
traceroute example.com
mtr example.com
# List details of network interfaces
ip address
# Check local DNS settings
cat /etc/hosts
cat /etc/resolv.conf
systemd-resolve --status
# Capture traffic to/from a host
sudo tcpdump host www.example.com
软件包管理
# Debian/Ubuntu
# List packages
dpkg -l
apt list --installed
# Find an installed package
dpkg -l | grep <package>
apt list --installed | grep <package>
# Install a package
dpkg -i <package_name>.deb
apt-get install <package>
apt install <package>
# CentOS/RedHat
# Install a package
yum install <package>
dnf install <package> # RHEL/CentOS 8+
rpm -ivh <package_name>.rpm
# Find an installed package
rpm -qa | grep <package>
日志
# Print last lines in log file where 'n'
# is the number of lines to print
tail -n /path/to/log/file